3. SECURITIES AND OTHER INVESTMENTS

Available for Sale

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The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of AFS securities as of September 30, 2025 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Other bonds include asset-backed securities.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of AFS securities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Other bonds include asset-backed securities.

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The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s AFS securities with unrealized losses, which are aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for the following periods ended (dollars in thousands).

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⁽¹⁾ Other bonds include asset-backed securities.

⁽²⁾ Comprised of 704 and 726 individual securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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The Company has evaluated AFS securities in an unrealized loss position for credit related impairment at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and concluded no impairment existed based on several factors which included: (1) the majority of these securities are of high credit quality, (2) unrealized losses are primarily the result of market volatility and increases in market interest rates, (3) the contractual terms of the investments do not permit the issuer(s) to settle the securities at a price less than the cost basis of each investment, (4) issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments, and (5) the Company does not intend to sell any of the investments and the accounting standard of “more likely than not” has not been met for the Company to be required to sell any of the investments before recovery of its amortized cost basis.

Additionally, the majority of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and the Government National Mortgage Association and do not have credit risk given the implicit and explicit government guarantees associated with these agencies. In addition, the non-agency mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities generally received a 20% simplified supervisory formula approach rating. The Company’s AFS investment portfolio is generally highly-rated or agency backed. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all AFS securities were current with no securities past due or on non-accrual, and no ACL was held against the Company’s AFS securities portfolio.

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The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of AFS securities as of the periods ended, by contractual maturity (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

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Refer to Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies” within Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for information regarding the estimated fair value of AFS securities that were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements and for other purposes as permitted or required by law as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $14.7 million and $10.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in “Other assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, accrued interest receivable write-offs were not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Held to Maturity

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The Company reports held to maturity (“HTM”) securities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at carrying value. Carrying value is amortized cost, which includes any unamortized unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) prior to reclassifying the securities from AFS securities to HTM securities. The carrying value, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of HTM securities as of September 30, 2025 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Other bonds include asset-backed securities.

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The carrying value, gross unrealized gains and losses, and estimated fair values of HTM securities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Other bonds include asset-backed securities.

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The following table presents the amortized cost of HTM securities as of the periods ended, by security type and credit rating (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Generally considered not to have credit risk given the government guarantees associated with these agencies.

⁽²⁾ Non-agency mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have limited credit risk, supported by most receiving a 20% simplified supervisory formula approach rating.

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The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of HTM securities as of the periods ended by contractual maturity (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

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Refer to Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies” within Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report for information regarding the estimated fair value of HTM securities that were pledged to secure public deposits as permitted or required by law as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $7.7 million and $8.4 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in “Other assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, accrued interest receivable write-offs were not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s HTM investment portfolio primarily consists of highly-rated municipal and agency mortgage-backed securities. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s HTM securities were all current, with no securities past due or on non-accrual. The Company’s HTM securities ACL was immaterial at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
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Restricted Stock, at cost
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The FHLB required the Bank to maintain stock in an amount equal to 4.75% of outstanding borrowings and a specific percentage of the member’s total assets at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (“FRB”) requires the Company to maintain stock with a par value equal to 6% of its outstanding capital at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, restricted stock consisted of FRB stock in the amount of $141.2 million and $82.9 million, respectively, and FHLB stock in the amount of $18.1 million and $20.1 million, respectively.

Realized Gains and Losses
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The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on and the proceeds from the sale of securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, (dollars in thousands):

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⁽¹⁾ Includes gains (losses) on sales and calls of securities.